Authors: Constantin Lichti, Philipp Sandner, Benjamin Schaub Although it has only existed for less than 13 years, Bitcoin has had an eventful history. The environmental impact of Bitcoin — particularly mining — is becoming an increasingly pressing issue in this regard. The important thing here is that electricity consumption should…

Authors: Markus Kaulartz, Jonas Gross, Constantin Lichti, Philipp Sandner Considering that information is seen as the new gold of the digital age, data protection is a powerful tool that does not spare blockchain-based data. This article outlines the lawful obligation for anonymization of different data that can be stored on…

Authors: Markus Kaulartz, Jonas Gross, Constantin Lichti, Philipp Sandner Which influences do new technologies have on the existing liability regime, which is already complicated without the use of distributed systems? This article sheds light on contractual and product liability in general before addressing the liability question of smart contracts. A…

Frankfurt am Main — November 16, 2021 — The Frankfurt School Blockchain Center (FSBC) and INTAS.tech published a study outlining a new approach on how to offset the CO2 emissions caused by the Bitcoin network. The study outlines a two-pronged flexible carbon compensation model, in line with Greenhouse Gas Protocol…

Authors: Markus Kaulartz, Jonas Gross, Constantin Lichti, Philipp Sandner This article addresses the question in which manner a consortium using a collaborative blockchain can be organized legally. In this article, we distinguish between the (1) “contract solution” and the (2) “legal person solution”. Not only national but also cross-border collaborations…

Authors: Markus Kaulartz, Jonas Gross, Constantin Lichti, Philipp Sandner, Stephan Raubach In this article, we analyze from a legal perspective whether information systems such as computers or IT infrastructure technologies such as blockchain technology are subject to a legal obligation for audits or some other form of functional verification prior…

Authors: Markus Kaulartz, Jonas Gross, Constantin Lichti, Philipp Sandner, Stephan Raubach In this article, we analyze from a legal perspective how the topic of data protection, in particular the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), plays out specifically in the context of blockchain-based databases. In our legal assessment, we distinguish between…

With this article, we provide a toolkit on how to use Hyperledger in industrial DLT projects. This toolkit has been developed with other IT companies and also together with machinery manufacturers. It also includes code snippets to showcase how machines can be connected to to DLT networks with Hyperledger such…

Authors: Philipp Sandner, Constantin Lichti Bitcoin is much more than interconnected processors. Far too often, Bitcoin is explained from a technical point of view. Attempts are made to make a significant invention understandable solely through technical terms such as nodes, hash functions, or nonces. Of course, technology is the foundation…